aerified – the mechanical process of reintroducing

air and pore spaces on a natural grass field to relieve

compaction and allow quicker movement of water,

nutrients and gases through the root-zone for better

root development. A turf surface is considered 

aerified when a mechanical aerifier is used to
make holes a few inches deep and on two-to

six inch centers.

choker layer – a layer of coarse sand or fine
gravel that separates the finer textured surface
rooting media from the coarse drainage gravel
when using the sand construction method.

compaction – the reduction of air space
between the soil/root-zone particles of a
natural grass field, or of the in-fill material of
a synthetic field. A turf surface is considered
compacted when heavy vehicular or foot traffic
compresses the top two or three inches of soil
on a grass field and reduces the movement
of the in-fill material on synthetic fields.
Compaction makes fields very firm.

crown – the highest elevation of an athletic
field used to facilitate excess water run-off.
Native soil fields are commonly constructed
with a center elevation (crown) up to 18" inches
higher than the sidelines. Sand-based and
synthetic fields utilize a very minimal crown
and sometimes are completely flat.

crumb rubber – coarse sand-sized to small
gravel-sized rubber pellets used as an infill
material in an artificial turf or topdressed on a
natural grass playing field.

cultivar – a variety or subdivision of a plant
species that, because of similar morphology
and performance characteristics, can be
distinguished from other plants within the
species.

cultural practices – mowing, fertilizing,
irrigating, aerification and preventive pest
control practices used to produce a quality
natural turfgrass surface.

density – the number of tillers, leaves or fibers
in a unit area. A dense turf is usually very
resilient.

denier – a unit of weight that expresses the
density of a synthetic fiber. The lower the
denier, the finer the fiber.

drainage modification – the utilization of
coarse sand, gravel and/or perforated piping
used to speed the removal of gravitational
water after it permeates through the sports turf
surface.

drainage profile – a vertical section of the
root-zone sub-surface soil and any drainage
enhancements, such as coarse sand, gravel and
drainage pipe systems that will allow mapping
and facilitating the downward movement of
water into, through, and out of the soil.

dragging – pulling or pushing a mat or tine
rake over a surface to smooth out undulations,
re-incorporate finer particles, or stand-up turf
fibers or tillers.

epidemiological issues – health issues
that can affect many individuals, i.e. heat
exhaustion, or the presence of heavy metals,
carcinogens, and infectious fungi.

face weight – the unit of measure to
determine the amount of yarn per square yard.
field hardness – the ability of a surface to
absorb energy. Shock absorbing properties are
measured in Gmax.

field markings – indications/markings on a
field, such as inbound lines, numbers, and goal
areas that are regulated by the governing bodies
for the particular level of play and sport.
Geo-textile – manufactured fiber materials
made into a variety of fabric constructions
and used in civil engineering and construction
applications

Gmax – a unitless measure used to express the
impact attenuation (hardness) of a surface. It is
the maximum ration of the magnitude of missile
acceleration during impacts to the acceleration
of gravity, expressed in the same units.

Grade – the desired slope or elevations of an
athletic field achieved by using earthmoving
equipment. A proper grade will remove excess
water.

Grooming – the dragging of a mat, broom, turf
comb or spring-toothed rake on the surface to
stand up the turfgrass, synthetic fibers or infield
material after traffic has occurred.

Heat Index (HI) – the temperature the body
feels when heat and humidity are combined.
Exposure to direct sunlight can increase the HI
by up to 15°F.

impact testing - a measurement of the
hardness of a playing surface. A weight is
dropped from a given height through a guide
tube. An accelerometer is mounted inside
the weight and measures the maximum
deceleration upon impact with the surface. The
surface hardness is expressed as Gmax. The
higher the Gmax, the harder the surface.

monofilament – yarn fiber made in one single
strand. Yarn is extruded out of a shower headtype
extruder versus a film tape for slit-film
yarn fibers.

native soil – unamended soil that is commonly
found in a specified area.

pad – shock absorbing layer sometimes
installed below carpet backing for additional
field cushioning.

pile fiber loss – the reduction of the diameter,
denier, total fiber and/or density of the carpet
fibers due to abrasive actions, such as field
traffic, grooming or other action that may affect
the fibers over a period of time.

plant protectant – an application of a
pesticide before the outbreak of disease or
infestation, usually on grass that has a history
of such outbreaks or infestations.

resiliency – the ability of a surface to recover
from, or adjust easily to, change from objects
that strike the surface.

road mat – a protective cover used to prevent
turf damage in high traffic areas, such as
Enkamat® and Bravomat.

root-zone – layer of soil in which the roots
of the grass plants are found. Also a growing
medium.

rubber infill – granulated car tires or sneakers
used as an infill material on synthetic surfaces.

sand-based fields – a field that has a
rootzone/ growing medium that consists of sand
as the primary growth material.

sand-modified fields – a native soil field
that is modified with sand. This is intended
to improve the rootzone, which increases the
water and nutrient retention and increases
field stability.

sand/rubber mix – a percentage of sand and
rubber particles that are combined to create
an “infill material,” which is used on the new
generation of synthetic surfaces. This mix
fills in the areas between the fibers to provide
structural support of the fibers, padding for the
players, and ballast to weigh it down.

seam/inlay integrity – the strength, trueness
and durability of the area between two edges of
synthetic material, which can be hand-sewn or
adhered with adhesives. Numbers, logos, and
line markings are typically done this way. This is
a critical area that needs to be addressed during
construction

shock-absorbency – the ability of an object
to reduce or dissipate energy from the sudden
impact of another object.

site work – earthwork that is necessary
before field construction can take place, i.e. the
removal of buildings, trees, rocks, soil; installing
utilities, improving or installing drainage.

soil profile – a vertical section of soil showing
natural or incorporated layers of different colors,
textures or materials.

spiking – vertically puncturing the soil to
promote turf density and lightly aerify the thatch
layer on natural grass, or loosening the crumb
rubber on synthetic surfaces.

subgrade – the soil base upon which a field is
constructed and into which drainage lines are
added.

sun exposure – the amount of Ultra Violet
exposure that materials will undergo based on
the amount of sun exposure. The most particular
concern is the loss of useful tensile properties in
products made from polypropylene materials.

synthetic fibers – manufactured fibers
resulting from chemical synthesis.

synthetic turf – textile product designed to
simulate the appearance and playability of
natural grass utilizing a synthetic fiber grass
blade constructed into fabric form.

synthetic turf backing – intermediate
material used in the manufacturing process
of a synthetic turf system to provide a stable
medium to insert the synthetic fiber grass
blades. The backing also provides dimensional
stability for the synthetic turf system.
sweeping – maintenance process used on
synthetic turf systems to remove loose debris
from the surface and groom the synthetic fiber
grass blades.

thatch – an intermingled layer of living and
dead grass stems, roots, and other organic
matter found between the soil surface and the
grass blades.

topdress – process utilized on synthetic
and natural turf systems in which a material,

such as sand or granulate rubber, is applied​

mechanically to the turf to create a consistent,

level playing surface.

underground drainage – system installed
beneath a natural or synthetic turf system to
permit the uniform and speedy exit of moisture
from the playing surface. It may consist of
natural materials, (sand/soil), and/or engineered
products (pipes, drainage mats or synthetic
stone substitutes).

wetting agent – a chemical additive that
improves the spreading, dispersing and/or
wetting properties of water.





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